2016 Vol. 37, No. 3
Display Method:
2016, 37(3): 327-331.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301001
Abstract:
Image field rotation can occur during the process of nearinfrared camera vertical imaging in optoelectronic stabilized platform in helicopter. In order to eliminate the image field rotation and satisfy the requirements of carrier aircraft space size, the cantilever structure azimuthgimbal was introduced, and the threedimensional model of the azimuthgimbal was established. In order to analyze the rationality of the cantilever structure, the finite element model was established to carry out its static analysis and modal analysis separately. Results show that in load case of 24.5 kg, the maximum deformation is 0.025 4 mm, which meets the requirements of the pointing error distribution; and the first natural frequency is 42.99Hz, which meets the servo bandwidths requirements.
Image field rotation can occur during the process of nearinfrared camera vertical imaging in optoelectronic stabilized platform in helicopter. In order to eliminate the image field rotation and satisfy the requirements of carrier aircraft space size, the cantilever structure azimuthgimbal was introduced, and the threedimensional model of the azimuthgimbal was established. In order to analyze the rationality of the cantilever structure, the finite element model was established to carry out its static analysis and modal analysis separately. Results show that in load case of 24.5 kg, the maximum deformation is 0.025 4 mm, which meets the requirements of the pointing error distribution; and the first natural frequency is 42.99Hz, which meets the servo bandwidths requirements.
2016, 37(3): 332-336.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301002
Abstract:
Xray imaging system based on spherically bent crystal is an important diagnostic technique for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). To testify the performance of the imaging system and optimize the structure of imaging system, the backlighting imaging system was studied by the ray tracing software SHADOW. Through the analysis for the system parametes, such as the position of object, the radius and Bragg angle, the results showed that for the spherical surface crystal back light imaging systems with Bragg angle of 57 and 65 ,when the object thickness or object laying aside error was a=1 mm, the crystal bevelling radius error was R=3 mm, and the Bragg angle error =0.1 mrad, the relative magnification of the 2 imaging systems simulated on the meridian plane and the sagittal plane through light tracing ,tailled with the computation result by relative magnification formula comparison.It is implied that the parameters have a little influence on the relative magnification of the imaging system, and the performance of imaging system is stable and reliable.
Xray imaging system based on spherically bent crystal is an important diagnostic technique for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). To testify the performance of the imaging system and optimize the structure of imaging system, the backlighting imaging system was studied by the ray tracing software SHADOW. Through the analysis for the system parametes, such as the position of object, the radius and Bragg angle, the results showed that for the spherical surface crystal back light imaging systems with Bragg angle of 57 and 65 ,when the object thickness or object laying aside error was a=1 mm, the crystal bevelling radius error was R=3 mm, and the Bragg angle error =0.1 mrad, the relative magnification of the 2 imaging systems simulated on the meridian plane and the sagittal plane through light tracing ,tailled with the computation result by relative magnification formula comparison.It is implied that the parameters have a little influence on the relative magnification of the imaging system, and the performance of imaging system is stable and reliable.
2016, 37(3): 337-341.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301003
Abstract:
Aiming at the aluminum alloy material,a largeaperture primary mirror of infrared camera was designed with the mirror aperture of 420 mm. Starting from the diameterthickness ratio, the number of the support points and the lightweight structural form, a structure of open back, triangle lightweight construction and back threepoint support was designed. Dynamic stiffness of the mirror and surface shape change under the weight and temperature loads were analyzed by the finite analysis software. The results show that the natural frequency of the mirror is enough, which has a sufficiently high dynamic stiffness. Both surface accuracy RMS of the mirror(30 nm,0.2 nm) have reached the index requirements of the optical system(/10,=632.8 nm) under gravity and a uniform temperature drop of -40℃，which provides a theoretical basis for the design of infrared aluminum mirror.
Aiming at the aluminum alloy material,a largeaperture primary mirror of infrared camera was designed with the mirror aperture of 420 mm. Starting from the diameterthickness ratio, the number of the support points and the lightweight structural form, a structure of open back, triangle lightweight construction and back threepoint support was designed. Dynamic stiffness of the mirror and surface shape change under the weight and temperature loads were analyzed by the finite analysis software. The results show that the natural frequency of the mirror is enough, which has a sufficiently high dynamic stiffness. Both surface accuracy RMS of the mirror(30 nm,0.2 nm) have reached the index requirements of the optical system(/10,=632.8 nm) under gravity and a uniform temperature drop of -40℃，which provides a theoretical basis for the design of infrared aluminum mirror.
2016, 37(3): 342-346.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301004
Abstract:
A detection system of lowlightlevel nightvision device was designed and developed,which utilized the CCD component as the detection receiver of the output image.It can be used to test the image intensifier in lowlightlevel night vision system. The testing parameters of image intensifier performence in lowlightlevel night vision system were introduced, the comprehensive test method and principle for all the parameters were analyzed. Through the optimizing design of the architectural structure,optical system,CCD selection and testing software , it was realized that many performance parameters of image intensifier in lowlightlevel night vision system such as resolution ratio,brightness gain,brightness uniformity,brightness stability could be measured by single equipment. The experiments results show that the random measurement error is less than 3%.
A detection system of lowlightlevel nightvision device was designed and developed,which utilized the CCD component as the detection receiver of the output image.It can be used to test the image intensifier in lowlightlevel night vision system. The testing parameters of image intensifier performence in lowlightlevel night vision system were introduced, the comprehensive test method and principle for all the parameters were analyzed. Through the optimizing design of the architectural structure,optical system,CCD selection and testing software , it was realized that many performance parameters of image intensifier in lowlightlevel night vision system such as resolution ratio,brightness gain,brightness uniformity,brightness stability could be measured by single equipment. The experiments results show that the random measurement error is less than 3%.
2016, 37(3): 347-352.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301005
Abstract:
In order to study the transfer function of television imaging system affectted by vibration,the transfer functions under different vibrations were analyzed and compared, and through utilizing the energy integral method.And then the laws were measured and verificated by the fast mirror system and ISITE measurement system. Simulation and experiments results show that for the TV imaging system developed, when the frequency of vibration is lower than the exposure frequency,the downtrend of the transfer function can increase from 0.167 in static condition to 0.237 with the increasing frequency of vibration ; when the frequency of vibration is higher than the exposure frequency,the downtrend of the transfer function can fluctuate increasingly and gradually tends to 1.42 times that of the static condition.
In order to study the transfer function of television imaging system affectted by vibration,the transfer functions under different vibrations were analyzed and compared, and through utilizing the energy integral method.And then the laws were measured and verificated by the fast mirror system and ISITE measurement system. Simulation and experiments results show that for the TV imaging system developed, when the frequency of vibration is lower than the exposure frequency,the downtrend of the transfer function can increase from 0.167 in static condition to 0.237 with the increasing frequency of vibration ; when the frequency of vibration is higher than the exposure frequency,the downtrend of the transfer function can fluctuate increasingly and gradually tends to 1.42 times that of the static condition.
2016, 37(3): 353-358.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301006
Abstract:
The thermal element model of fiber coil was built based on the discrete mathematics formulae of the Shupe error in the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). The transient thermal behavior and the steadystate thermal behavior were analyzed by this element model. According to these results, the reasons how the asymmetrical temperature field have an impact on bias error were found. The optimized structure of FOG shell, which has an inner of magnetically soft alloy and a outer of ultralumin , was designed, based on the analysis and emulation of the temperature field to decrease temperature grads of coil. The optimized thickness of the inner is 0.8 mm. The optimized thickness of the outer is 1.5 mm. It can improve the thermal symmetry of the fiber ring. The temperature changes of coil decreases by 1.8 ℃, and the difference in temperature of coil decreases by 0.68 ℃ in the temperaturefall period by experiments. Compared with the results of the experimentation, we approved the redesigned structure which can improve the temperature distributing and reduce the temperature spatiotemporal change rate of FOG coil.
The thermal element model of fiber coil was built based on the discrete mathematics formulae of the Shupe error in the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). The transient thermal behavior and the steadystate thermal behavior were analyzed by this element model. According to these results, the reasons how the asymmetrical temperature field have an impact on bias error were found. The optimized structure of FOG shell, which has an inner of magnetically soft alloy and a outer of ultralumin , was designed, based on the analysis and emulation of the temperature field to decrease temperature grads of coil. The optimized thickness of the inner is 0.8 mm. The optimized thickness of the outer is 1.5 mm. It can improve the thermal symmetry of the fiber ring. The temperature changes of coil decreases by 1.8 ℃, and the difference in temperature of coil decreases by 0.68 ℃ in the temperaturefall period by experiments. Compared with the results of the experimentation, we approved the redesigned structure which can improve the temperature distributing and reduce the temperature spatiotemporal change rate of FOG coil.
2016, 37(3): 359-364.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0301007
Abstract:
In order to improve the accuracy of automatic focal length measurement on the optical bench, a continuous zoom optical system was designed. The system is composed of selfcollimation component and zoom component, and can adjust the size of image on CCD target surface till the best measurement is got. According to the technical requirements of the zoom system and based on the total control, the initial structure selection and image quality optimization were done. After the completion of the design,the focal length of self collimation component is 200 mm,the zoom component is 200 mm～20 mm and the zoom system after docking can realize the image size of 1～10 of continuous adjustment. Simulation results show that the zoom system shows good image quality,the modulation transfer function (MTF) curve is close to the diffraction limit, and the dispersion spot is less than the size of CCD pixel. The above implies that actual testing requirements can be met.
In order to improve the accuracy of automatic focal length measurement on the optical bench, a continuous zoom optical system was designed. The system is composed of selfcollimation component and zoom component, and can adjust the size of image on CCD target surface till the best measurement is got. According to the technical requirements of the zoom system and based on the total control, the initial structure selection and image quality optimization were done. After the completion of the design,the focal length of self collimation component is 200 mm,the zoom component is 200 mm～20 mm and the zoom system after docking can realize the image size of 1～10 of continuous adjustment. Simulation results show that the zoom system shows good image quality,the modulation transfer function (MTF) curve is close to the diffraction limit, and the dispersion spot is less than the size of CCD pixel. The above implies that actual testing requirements can be met.
2016, 37(3): 365-371.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302001
Abstract:
An improved iterating algorithm was proposed to eliminate the speckles preserved by the local curvaturebased model as geometrical characteristic. It utilized the local curvature coupling 3 channels as the regularizing term，then detected speckles by using local statistics values. The relaxed median filter was introduced to suppress these speckles. Numerical experiments using images of different features were carried out and the evolution of the values of the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) was analyzed. The results show that this algorithm can accelerate the progress of evolution and eliminate the speckles while protecting the image structure information. The value of the PSNR increases by 2.47%, and the iterations decrease by 93.66%.
An improved iterating algorithm was proposed to eliminate the speckles preserved by the local curvaturebased model as geometrical characteristic. It utilized the local curvature coupling 3 channels as the regularizing term，then detected speckles by using local statistics values. The relaxed median filter was introduced to suppress these speckles. Numerical experiments using images of different features were carried out and the evolution of the values of the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) was analyzed. The results show that this algorithm can accelerate the progress of evolution and eliminate the speckles while protecting the image structure information. The value of the PSNR increases by 2.47%, and the iterations decrease by 93.66%.
2016, 37(3): 372-379.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302002
Abstract:
Under the premise for guaranteeing the accuracy of detection, combining with the characteristics of the rail surface image and the software engineering concepts, 3 optimization methods were presented for the issue of slower speed in rail surface defects detection, including the aspects of algorithm, programming technology and storage medium. According to redesign of the algorithm flow, the efficiency of the algorithm mapping to CPU was improved; the multithread programming was used to make full use of the multicore strengths of the CPU; the efficiency of the hardware was improved by using solid state drive (SSD) to read and write images, the SSD has the characteristics of fast reading and writing, light weight, low energy consumption and small size. The experiment results demonstrate that the average time consuming decreases from 17.94 ms to 8.33 ms per picture after optimization,the speed improves by 53.57%. That means the speed of train is about 207 km/h in 1 mm accuracy resolution and the system can satisfy the requirements of online detection of rail surface defects.
Under the premise for guaranteeing the accuracy of detection, combining with the characteristics of the rail surface image and the software engineering concepts, 3 optimization methods were presented for the issue of slower speed in rail surface defects detection, including the aspects of algorithm, programming technology and storage medium. According to redesign of the algorithm flow, the efficiency of the algorithm mapping to CPU was improved; the multithread programming was used to make full use of the multicore strengths of the CPU; the efficiency of the hardware was improved by using solid state drive (SSD) to read and write images, the SSD has the characteristics of fast reading and writing, light weight, low energy consumption and small size. The experiment results demonstrate that the average time consuming decreases from 17.94 ms to 8.33 ms per picture after optimization,the speed improves by 53.57%. That means the speed of train is about 207 km/h in 1 mm accuracy resolution and the system can satisfy the requirements of online detection of rail surface defects.
2016, 37(3): 380-384.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302003
Abstract:
It is one of the important tasks in machine vision field to detect specific object using single image. A machine learning approach using latent support vector machine(LSVM) classifier was presented for detecting humankind shape object. The histogram of oriented gradients(HOG) features were extracted and the corresponding deformable parts were formed to describe the appearance of the object. The problem that the objects appearance deformed when it was in motion, was solved. 200 images captured in typical public areas were randomly selected and used to perform this method. 1 100 humankind shape objects from them were tested, and the correct recognition rate of 78.3% was achieved. The experimental results show that this approach is able to detect humankind shapes and mark them out which demonstrate its feasibility and stability;however,misdetection can happen when the humankind shape object is partly covered.
It is one of the important tasks in machine vision field to detect specific object using single image. A machine learning approach using latent support vector machine(LSVM) classifier was presented for detecting humankind shape object. The histogram of oriented gradients(HOG) features were extracted and the corresponding deformable parts were formed to describe the appearance of the object. The problem that the objects appearance deformed when it was in motion, was solved. 200 images captured in typical public areas were randomly selected and used to perform this method. 1 100 humankind shape objects from them were tested, and the correct recognition rate of 78.3% was achieved. The experimental results show that this approach is able to detect humankind shapes and mark them out which demonstrate its feasibility and stability;however,misdetection can happen when the humankind shape object is partly covered.
2016, 37(3): 385-391.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302004
Abstract:
To solve the drogue tracking problem during the capture phase of autonomous aerial refueling, a trackinglearningdetection (TLD) algorithm was proposed. The algorithm decomposes the drogue tracking task into 3 subtasks: tracking, learning and detection. The tracking component is based on the LucasKanade (LK) method extended with failure detection and chooses tracking points with good performance to track the refueling drogue; and the detector constructs cascaded classifier to sort the picture patches scanned by scanningwindow and returns patches containing object, which integrates with tracking component result and gives final tracking result; and then the PN constraints are introduced into the learning component to correct wrong samples and then learn and update the detector. A scene simulation for aerial refueling was developed based on Creator/Vega Prime. The experimental results of the test on the video of scene simulation show that the success rate of tracking drogue is 95.5%, the average time consumption is about 31.4 ms, and the algorithm can meet well requirements of drogue tracking, such as robustness, precision and real time performance.
To solve the drogue tracking problem during the capture phase of autonomous aerial refueling, a trackinglearningdetection (TLD) algorithm was proposed. The algorithm decomposes the drogue tracking task into 3 subtasks: tracking, learning and detection. The tracking component is based on the LucasKanade (LK) method extended with failure detection and chooses tracking points with good performance to track the refueling drogue; and the detector constructs cascaded classifier to sort the picture patches scanned by scanningwindow and returns patches containing object, which integrates with tracking component result and gives final tracking result; and then the PN constraints are introduced into the learning component to correct wrong samples and then learn and update the detector. A scene simulation for aerial refueling was developed based on Creator/Vega Prime. The experimental results of the test on the video of scene simulation show that the success rate of tracking drogue is 95.5%, the average time consumption is about 31.4 ms, and the algorithm can meet well requirements of drogue tracking, such as robustness, precision and real time performance.
2016, 37(3): 392-396.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302005
Abstract:
A new method depending on weighed least square was proposed, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing interferogram calibration method. It used the edge information differences between standard parts edges and fringes edges, then extracted the target edges by using appropriate mask, and finally used the weighed least square way to position the edge more exactly. The new method can figure out the real length of each pixel finally depending on the standard parts known size. The experiments show that this method costs half time than Hough transform, and the positioning accuracy is less than 1 pixel. It can calibrate each type of interferogram well with strong practicability.
A new method depending on weighed least square was proposed, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing interferogram calibration method. It used the edge information differences between standard parts edges and fringes edges, then extracted the target edges by using appropriate mask, and finally used the weighed least square way to position the edge more exactly. The new method can figure out the real length of each pixel finally depending on the standard parts known size. The experiments show that this method costs half time than Hough transform, and the positioning accuracy is less than 1 pixel. It can calibrate each type of interferogram well with strong practicability.
2016, 37(3): 397-401.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0302006
Abstract:
The signal collected by using the spectrometer is inevitably affected by different noise sources. In order to increase the analytical accuracy of spectrum signal, an improved denoising method with threshold was presented by analyzing the principle of applying the wavelet to signal denoising and the defects existed in classical denoising methods by using soft and hard thresholds. The improved method can overcome both the defects，that the hard threshold method generates discontinuities and the soft threshold method generates a constant variation, and can retain the useful signals as much as possible. In experiment, the SymletsA wavelet was selected as the wavelet function with 4 series, through combining with the perlevel threshold determined by the BirgeMassart tactics pattern,the denoising process was conducted for the fluorescence spectrum signal of CdSe quantum dots . Simulation results demonstrate that the rebuilt signal by the improved denoising method with threshold can has a increased signaltonoise ratio(SNR=47.550 2) and a energy accounting(PER=0.973 3), as well as an improved mean squared error(MSE=149.421 3) compared with the classical denoising methods by using soft and hard thresholds.
The signal collected by using the spectrometer is inevitably affected by different noise sources. In order to increase the analytical accuracy of spectrum signal, an improved denoising method with threshold was presented by analyzing the principle of applying the wavelet to signal denoising and the defects existed in classical denoising methods by using soft and hard thresholds. The improved method can overcome both the defects，that the hard threshold method generates discontinuities and the soft threshold method generates a constant variation, and can retain the useful signals as much as possible. In experiment, the SymletsA wavelet was selected as the wavelet function with 4 series, through combining with the perlevel threshold determined by the BirgeMassart tactics pattern,the denoising process was conducted for the fluorescence spectrum signal of CdSe quantum dots . Simulation results demonstrate that the rebuilt signal by the improved denoising method with threshold can has a increased signaltonoise ratio(SNR=47.550 2) and a energy accounting(PER=0.973 3), as well as an improved mean squared error(MSE=149.421 3) compared with the classical denoising methods by using soft and hard thresholds.
2016, 37(3): 402-406.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303001
Abstract:
Equipment surface defect detection is very important for ensuring safety production and avoiding economic losses. Aiming at the algorithm complexity problem of defect detection and 3D reconstruction for dispersed 3D points on the equipment surface, a new method was proposed. All the points were divided into different layers along to the axis, then the points on the layer were moved to the middle plane of the layer. The distribution of the points became regularly and the defect detection and 3D reconstruction were done by the points regularized. The dispersed points defects detection and 3D reconstructions were fulfilled and the error of the defection detection is 1.01%. Experimental results show that this defection detection method proposed is simple and easy to implement after the dispersed points are regularized.
Equipment surface defect detection is very important for ensuring safety production and avoiding economic losses. Aiming at the algorithm complexity problem of defect detection and 3D reconstruction for dispersed 3D points on the equipment surface, a new method was proposed. All the points were divided into different layers along to the axis, then the points on the layer were moved to the middle plane of the layer. The distribution of the points became regularly and the defect detection and 3D reconstruction were done by the points regularized. The dispersed points defects detection and 3D reconstructions were fulfilled and the error of the defection detection is 1.01%. Experimental results show that this defection detection method proposed is simple and easy to implement after the dispersed points are regularized.
2016, 37(3): 407-414.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303002
Abstract:
With the rapid development of large equipment manufacturing industry, the manufacture and assembly processes have increasingly higher demands on largescale spatial geometric quantity measurement. In order to analyze the development of angle measurement technology in largescale spatial geometric quantity measurement, 5 traditional methods were reviewed, and 3 new related research achievements about angle measurements were introduced. Then combining the optical selfcollimation tracking technology and inertial measurement technology, a novel largescale spatial angle measurement method based on inertial reference was elaborated. The method can perform portability, versatility and strong antiinterference ability and it is very suitable for field measurement. Test results show that the current measurement range is 10 m and the measurement accuracy is 0.5 .Additional the improving schemes for the measurement range and accuracy were put forward.
With the rapid development of large equipment manufacturing industry, the manufacture and assembly processes have increasingly higher demands on largescale spatial geometric quantity measurement. In order to analyze the development of angle measurement technology in largescale spatial geometric quantity measurement, 5 traditional methods were reviewed, and 3 new related research achievements about angle measurements were introduced. Then combining the optical selfcollimation tracking technology and inertial measurement technology, a novel largescale spatial angle measurement method based on inertial reference was elaborated. The method can perform portability, versatility and strong antiinterference ability and it is very suitable for field measurement. Test results show that the current measurement range is 10 m and the measurement accuracy is 0.5 .Additional the improving schemes for the measurement range and accuracy were put forward.
2016, 37(3): 415-418.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303003
Abstract:
For the inherent nonlinearity of position sensitive detector (PSD),a PSD nonlinear correction method based on backpropagation (BP) optimization algorithm was proposed.Based on the traditional Newton algorithm , the relevant principle of LevenbergMarquardt algorithm was deduced, that is the BP optimization algorithm.The Matlab software was used for programming, the network utilized the structure having 2 hidden layers,and the numbers of neurons for them were 40 and 30,respectively,the max training time was 500,and finally the results were computed by sim function and outputed through simulated network.Through verified by experiment, the network output error is almost within 0.001 mm, of which the maximum error is less than 0.003 mm, achieving the PSD nonlinear correction.
For the inherent nonlinearity of position sensitive detector (PSD),a PSD nonlinear correction method based on backpropagation (BP) optimization algorithm was proposed.Based on the traditional Newton algorithm , the relevant principle of LevenbergMarquardt algorithm was deduced, that is the BP optimization algorithm.The Matlab software was used for programming, the network utilized the structure having 2 hidden layers,and the numbers of neurons for them were 40 and 30,respectively,the max training time was 500,and finally the results were computed by sim function and outputed through simulated network.Through verified by experiment, the network output error is almost within 0.001 mm, of which the maximum error is less than 0.003 mm, achieving the PSD nonlinear correction.
2016, 37(3): 419-424.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303004
Abstract:
According to the characteristics of the video measuring machine, the optimization of straightness error measuring was introduced. A method to evaluate straightness error with intervaldistance improved algorithm which conforms to minimum zone condition was proposed and the improved edge detection template was designed. Using the method of image measurement experiment of smooth limit gauge, comparing with the traditional edge detection method and gradient search method, a system for measuring straightness error was tested. Experiment results show that the improved edge detection algorithm can improve the measurement speed, the calculation convolution time is reduced by half comparing with the traditional testing templates.The intervaldistance improved algorithm was compared with the gradient searching algorithm, and results show that the relative error of straightness error for the same 8 groups of data is less than 2%, the average computation speed is increased by 0.01 s. It is verified that the computation time can be saved by 4.45 s with the optimized method in the experiment for measuring straightness error of different diameter gauges by imaging instrument . Through different ways of evaluation, the best span for measuring straightness error of 0.078 mm~0.104 mm was advized,which can provide a foundation for realtime detection.
According to the characteristics of the video measuring machine, the optimization of straightness error measuring was introduced. A method to evaluate straightness error with intervaldistance improved algorithm which conforms to minimum zone condition was proposed and the improved edge detection template was designed. Using the method of image measurement experiment of smooth limit gauge, comparing with the traditional edge detection method and gradient search method, a system for measuring straightness error was tested. Experiment results show that the improved edge detection algorithm can improve the measurement speed, the calculation convolution time is reduced by half comparing with the traditional testing templates.The intervaldistance improved algorithm was compared with the gradient searching algorithm, and results show that the relative error of straightness error for the same 8 groups of data is less than 2%, the average computation speed is increased by 0.01 s. It is verified that the computation time can be saved by 4.45 s with the optimized method in the experiment for measuring straightness error of different diameter gauges by imaging instrument . Through different ways of evaluation, the best span for measuring straightness error of 0.078 mm~0.104 mm was advized,which can provide a foundation for realtime detection.
2016, 37(3): 425-429.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303005
Abstract:
Routine tests were conducted by using RamanMie lidar in the northern suburb of Nanjing.Through the analysis of the lidar echo sinal,aerosol mass concentration profile was inversed with the aid of aerosol mass concentration of linear model and exponential model.In order to improve the accuracy of the inversion,first of all,the Mie scattering signal near field was corrected,eliminating the influence of overlap factor.And denoising methods were used to deal with Raman scattering signal such as wavelet analysis.Secondly the Mie scattering signal was used to inverse the 0~3 km atmospheric aerosol mass concentration,the Raman scattering signal was used to inverse the 3 km~10 km atmospheric aerosol mass concentration,and then the two signals were spliced.Experimental results show that the correlation coefficient of aerosol mass concentration in different time is 0.991 and 0.973 6 inversed with two kinds of models, which is reliable.
Routine tests were conducted by using RamanMie lidar in the northern suburb of Nanjing.Through the analysis of the lidar echo sinal,aerosol mass concentration profile was inversed with the aid of aerosol mass concentration of linear model and exponential model.In order to improve the accuracy of the inversion,first of all,the Mie scattering signal near field was corrected,eliminating the influence of overlap factor.And denoising methods were used to deal with Raman scattering signal such as wavelet analysis.Secondly the Mie scattering signal was used to inverse the 0~3 km atmospheric aerosol mass concentration,the Raman scattering signal was used to inverse the 3 km~10 km atmospheric aerosol mass concentration,and then the two signals were spliced.Experimental results show that the correlation coefficient of aerosol mass concentration in different time is 0.991 and 0.973 6 inversed with two kinds of models, which is reliable.
2016, 37(3): 430-434.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0303006
Abstract:
Aiming at the problems of bad antiinterference capacity and low localization accuracy in traditional localization algorithms of spot center which include the center of gravity method, the Gaussian fitting and so on， we raised a improving way which calculates the center of spot on the basis of the circle fitting method. Using the type of 56 submachine gun, we conducted the single shot experiment and processed the data obtained by testing system through the modified circle fitting, Gaussian fitting, and gravity method, respectively. Compared with the testing result of OFV5000 laser velocimeter，the relative error of improved circle fitting is only 0.92%. The result shows that the algorithm improves the antiinterference ability and achieves the rapid and accurate calculation of spot center，and obtains the weapons motion parameters.
Aiming at the problems of bad antiinterference capacity and low localization accuracy in traditional localization algorithms of spot center which include the center of gravity method, the Gaussian fitting and so on， we raised a improving way which calculates the center of spot on the basis of the circle fitting method. Using the type of 56 submachine gun, we conducted the single shot experiment and processed the data obtained by testing system through the modified circle fitting, Gaussian fitting, and gravity method, respectively. Compared with the testing result of OFV5000 laser velocimeter，the relative error of improved circle fitting is only 0.92%. The result shows that the algorithm improves the antiinterference ability and achieves the rapid and accurate calculation of spot center，and obtains the weapons motion parameters.
2016, 37(3): 435-440.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0305001
Abstract:
In order to make sure of adequate lighting for the driver of the vehicle, and prevent the opposite driver from glare, an automotive dipped headlamp system with a cutoff line was designed. A dipped headlamp according to GB259912010 light distribution standard (automotive headlamps with LED light sources/or LED modules) was designed with highpower LED and free form reflectors (FFRs) which had simple structure and high optical efficiency. Based on the nonimaging optics theory, the correspondence between the angle of the light reflected by the freeform reflector and the coordinates of point in the target plane was established. The freeform lens point coordinates were calculated according to the correspondence of reflection and refraction laws. To achieve light distribution requirement, the fundamental surfaces were divided legitimately and the surface profile data of subsurfaces were optimized and adjusted. The function of dipped headlamp was realized by 3 LEDs, each of which had its own independent optical system. The test results show that the optical system has a clear cutoff line, with the efficiency reaching 54％, which can fully meet the requirements of the illumination of regulation on each test point.
In order to make sure of adequate lighting for the driver of the vehicle, and prevent the opposite driver from glare, an automotive dipped headlamp system with a cutoff line was designed. A dipped headlamp according to GB259912010 light distribution standard (automotive headlamps with LED light sources/or LED modules) was designed with highpower LED and free form reflectors (FFRs) which had simple structure and high optical efficiency. Based on the nonimaging optics theory, the correspondence between the angle of the light reflected by the freeform reflector and the coordinates of point in the target plane was established. The freeform lens point coordinates were calculated according to the correspondence of reflection and refraction laws. To achieve light distribution requirement, the fundamental surfaces were divided legitimately and the surface profile data of subsurfaces were optimized and adjusted. The function of dipped headlamp was realized by 3 LEDs, each of which had its own independent optical system. The test results show that the optical system has a clear cutoff line, with the efficiency reaching 54％, which can fully meet the requirements of the illumination of regulation on each test point.
2016, 37(3): 441-445.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0305002
Abstract:
For the problem about the design of ultra wideangle photographic objective，an ultra wideangle photographic objective was designed with ZEMAX optical software. The design was carried out by limiting the basic parameters and dimensions of lens with various operations and by selecting the appropriate rear group. The former group structure was designed by using the three inverse Galileo systems. The former group and the rear group were mixed together and the overall initial structure was further optimizd. The optical system is composed of 16 pieces of spherical lenses applicable within the visible light region. The main optical parameters are as follows:the focal length is 6.2 mm，the full field of view(FOV) is 100，the F number is 2.1. From the result we can see that the absolute value of maximum distortion of FOV lens is less than 3.5%，the maximum field curve is less than 0.05 mm，the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the whole field of view at 50 lp/mm is greater than 0.7，approaching to the diffraction limit.
For the problem about the design of ultra wideangle photographic objective，an ultra wideangle photographic objective was designed with ZEMAX optical software. The design was carried out by limiting the basic parameters and dimensions of lens with various operations and by selecting the appropriate rear group. The former group structure was designed by using the three inverse Galileo systems. The former group and the rear group were mixed together and the overall initial structure was further optimizd. The optical system is composed of 16 pieces of spherical lenses applicable within the visible light region. The main optical parameters are as follows:the focal length is 6.2 mm，the full field of view(FOV) is 100，the F number is 2.1. From the result we can see that the absolute value of maximum distortion of FOV lens is less than 3.5%，the maximum field curve is less than 0.05 mm，the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the whole field of view at 50 lp/mm is greater than 0.7，approaching to the diffraction limit.
2016, 37(3): 446-451.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0305003
Abstract:
The light guide plate (LGP) with side lighting is effective to reduce the thickness of the display module and the number of the LEDlights. In order to obtain uniform surface illumination, a circle structure of light guide plate was introduced. Through deriving the rule of scattering netted dots, the distribution function for the size of scattering netted dots in light guide plate was obtained . Using VBA program, the scattering netted dots were generated in the CAD. Combined with the simulation software, it is verified that the luminance uniformity is more than 90% in the display area of guide plate, which meets the design requirements of back light module project.
The light guide plate (LGP) with side lighting is effective to reduce the thickness of the display module and the number of the LEDlights. In order to obtain uniform surface illumination, a circle structure of light guide plate was introduced. Through deriving the rule of scattering netted dots, the distribution function for the size of scattering netted dots in light guide plate was obtained . Using VBA program, the scattering netted dots were generated in the CAD. Combined with the simulation software, it is verified that the luminance uniformity is more than 90% in the display area of guide plate, which meets the design requirements of back light module project.
2016, 37(3): 452-455.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0305004
Abstract:
For the problem of reducing the response time in air defense missile system, a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) optical switch array was designed to control the signal transmission of subsystems in air defense missile system. The optical switch array which was constituted by 8 group double layer electrostatic comb structures,was used to control the On and Off state in every single subsystem. According to the LagrangeMaxwell equation, the electromechanical dynamics model was established, and the main parameters were confirmed including the mass, the elastic, the capacitance, the airfilm damp and so on. Then the parameters with genetic algorithm were optimized. The simulation result shows that the response time equals 0.627 ms, the steadystate displacement equals 4.724 m, the maximal displacement equals 6.801 m, the response time is one fourth of the original time. The result indicates that the MEMS optical switch array plays a role not only in reducing the response time, but also in ensuring the stability in air defense missile system.
For the problem of reducing the response time in air defense missile system, a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) optical switch array was designed to control the signal transmission of subsystems in air defense missile system. The optical switch array which was constituted by 8 group double layer electrostatic comb structures,was used to control the On and Off state in every single subsystem. According to the LagrangeMaxwell equation, the electromechanical dynamics model was established, and the main parameters were confirmed including the mass, the elastic, the capacitance, the airfilm damp and so on. Then the parameters with genetic algorithm were optimized. The simulation result shows that the response time equals 0.627 ms, the steadystate displacement equals 4.724 m, the maximal displacement equals 6.801 m, the response time is one fourth of the original time. The result indicates that the MEMS optical switch array plays a role not only in reducing the response time, but also in ensuring the stability in air defense missile system.
2016, 37(3): 456-464.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0306001
Abstract:
In order to identify that two bands information of the medium wavelength infrared radiation (MWIR) and the long wavelength infrared radiation(LWIR), realize the fast switch of two different fields of view(FOV), and further enhance the efficiency and range of existing systems to detect, a fourchannel cooled infrared dualband dualfield panoramic imaging optical system was designed by using the method of spatial multicamera image mosaic panoramic imaging. The panoramic system is consisted of three infrared lenses with mutual intersection angle of 120 in circularviewing direction and one infrared lens in top view direction, each optical system of imaging channel is designed to be the double imaging configuration.The Fnumber is 2, the working band is MWIR 3.5 m～4.8 m and LWIR 7.8 m～9.8 m, the full field of view(FOV) is 122 , the ratio of long focal length to short focal length is 5, and it can complete 122 /44.49 dualfield transformation through the moving of the zoom configuration in axial direction. By adopting the refractive /diffractive hybrid optical elements and introducing aspheric design technique, the system was made temperature compensation by the means of optical passive athermalization. The result indicates that the system has almost 100% efficiency of the cold stop and a good ability of narcissus restraining. At the Nyquist frequency of 18 lp/mm, the modulation transfer function (MTF) values of LWIR optical system are all greater than 0.3 , and that of MWIR are all greater than 0.5.The image plane is stable and the image quality is excellent when the system works on -40 ℃ ~ + 60 ℃.
In order to identify that two bands information of the medium wavelength infrared radiation (MWIR) and the long wavelength infrared radiation(LWIR), realize the fast switch of two different fields of view(FOV), and further enhance the efficiency and range of existing systems to detect, a fourchannel cooled infrared dualband dualfield panoramic imaging optical system was designed by using the method of spatial multicamera image mosaic panoramic imaging. The panoramic system is consisted of three infrared lenses with mutual intersection angle of 120 in circularviewing direction and one infrared lens in top view direction, each optical system of imaging channel is designed to be the double imaging configuration.The Fnumber is 2, the working band is MWIR 3.5 m～4.8 m and LWIR 7.8 m～9.8 m, the full field of view(FOV) is 122 , the ratio of long focal length to short focal length is 5, and it can complete 122 /44.49 dualfield transformation through the moving of the zoom configuration in axial direction. By adopting the refractive /diffractive hybrid optical elements and introducing aspheric design technique, the system was made temperature compensation by the means of optical passive athermalization. The result indicates that the system has almost 100% efficiency of the cold stop and a good ability of narcissus restraining. At the Nyquist frequency of 18 lp/mm, the modulation transfer function (MTF) values of LWIR optical system are all greater than 0.3 , and that of MWIR are all greater than 0.5.The image plane is stable and the image quality is excellent when the system works on -40 ℃ ~ + 60 ℃.
2016, 37(3): 465-470.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0306002
Abstract:
For the 320240 pixels uncooled infrared focal plane array(FPA) detector, a midinfrared zoom optical system was designed working at 3.7 m~4.8 m waveband.It contains 6 sphere lenses. All lens elements are made up of silicon and germanium materials which can transmit 3.7 m~4.8 m infrared rays. The F number is 2.5, the back working length is 20 mm, and it can realize 15 mm~150 mm continuous zoom. Designed results show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) value of zoom lens is greater than 0.6 at 16 lp/mm in the full field of view (FOV), and no less than 0.7 in the 0.7 FOV,which means near the diffraction limit generally. The uncooled infrared unit for plane arrays can catch more than 70% infrared rays energy. The lens system is characterized by small F number, long back work length and all spherical surfaces. And the image quality meets the requirements within -20 ℃~60 ℃.
For the 320240 pixels uncooled infrared focal plane array(FPA) detector, a midinfrared zoom optical system was designed working at 3.7 m~4.8 m waveband.It contains 6 sphere lenses. All lens elements are made up of silicon and germanium materials which can transmit 3.7 m~4.8 m infrared rays. The F number is 2.5, the back working length is 20 mm, and it can realize 15 mm~150 mm continuous zoom. Designed results show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) value of zoom lens is greater than 0.6 at 16 lp/mm in the full field of view (FOV), and no less than 0.7 in the 0.7 FOV,which means near the diffraction limit generally. The uncooled infrared unit for plane arrays can catch more than 70% infrared rays energy. The lens system is characterized by small F number, long back work length and all spherical surfaces. And the image quality meets the requirements within -20 ℃~60 ℃.
2016, 37(3): 471-475.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0306003
Abstract:
The optical limiting effect of the graphene films in midinfrared band (3 m~5 m) was studied using nanosecond pulsed laser Zscan method . The Zscan curve obtained from the open aperture experiment showed a single valley structure, but the same structure did not show in the closedaperture Zscan curve. Through the fitting and calculation of the openaperture Zscan curve, the 3order nonlinear absorption coefficients and the optical limiting thresholds of 3 layers graphene were 11.3910-7cm/W, 10.6110-7cm/W, 9.7510-7cm/W, 8.8110-7 cm/W and 3.49 J/cm2, 3.75 J/cm2, 4.11 J/cm2, 4.55 J/cm2 at 3.010 m, 3.522 m, 4.326 m and 4.880 4 m, respectively. The 3order nonlinear absorption coefficients and the optical limiting thresholds of 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers graphene in 3.522 m center wavelength were 10.6110-7cm/W, 11.3210-7cm/W, 11.9510-7cm/W and 3.75 J/cm2，3.41 J/cm2，3.32 J/cm2, respectively. The experimental results show the optical limiting effect of graphene is obvious in the midinfrared band based on nonlinear reverse saturable absorption.
The optical limiting effect of the graphene films in midinfrared band (3 m~5 m) was studied using nanosecond pulsed laser Zscan method . The Zscan curve obtained from the open aperture experiment showed a single valley structure, but the same structure did not show in the closedaperture Zscan curve. Through the fitting and calculation of the openaperture Zscan curve, the 3order nonlinear absorption coefficients and the optical limiting thresholds of 3 layers graphene were 11.3910-7cm/W, 10.6110-7cm/W, 9.7510-7cm/W, 8.8110-7 cm/W and 3.49 J/cm2, 3.75 J/cm2, 4.11 J/cm2, 4.55 J/cm2 at 3.010 m, 3.522 m, 4.326 m and 4.880 4 m, respectively. The 3order nonlinear absorption coefficients and the optical limiting thresholds of 3 layers, 5 layers and 7 layers graphene in 3.522 m center wavelength were 10.6110-7cm/W, 11.3210-7cm/W, 11.9510-7cm/W and 3.75 J/cm2，3.41 J/cm2，3.32 J/cm2, respectively. The experimental results show the optical limiting effect of graphene is obvious in the midinfrared band based on nonlinear reverse saturable absorption.
2016, 37(3): 476-481.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0307001
Abstract:
The basic concept and realization thought of laser comprehensive applications are introduced in order to improve the overall performance and optimize the design of weapon platforms.Laser comprehensive application systems are classifed into 3 types according to different lasers used.The first type is pulse solidstate lasers with peak power of MW to hundreds MW.The prototype with 2 J pulse energy has been developed.The second type is high frequency lasers with peak power of hundreds W to thousands W.The third type is pulse semiconductor lasers with average power of mW to W.These 3 multifunction laser comprehensive application systems will play an important role in future new weapon platforms,and it will necessarily promote the total performance of series of future new weapon platforms tremendously.
The basic concept and realization thought of laser comprehensive applications are introduced in order to improve the overall performance and optimize the design of weapon platforms.Laser comprehensive application systems are classifed into 3 types according to different lasers used.The first type is pulse solidstate lasers with peak power of MW to hundreds MW.The prototype with 2 J pulse energy has been developed.The second type is high frequency lasers with peak power of hundreds W to thousands W.The third type is pulse semiconductor lasers with average power of mW to W.These 3 multifunction laser comprehensive application systems will play an important role in future new weapon platforms,and it will necessarily promote the total performance of series of future new weapon platforms tremendously.
2016, 37(3): 482-488.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0307002
Abstract:
Laser Brillouin scattering is the result of the inelastic light scattering from the medium density fluctuations. The shape of the Brillouin scattering spectrum is dependent on the gas pressure, temperature, and the scattering angle. An effective nonintrusive method for measuring the temperature and pressure in gas flow was provided. The measurement principle of the highvelocity gas flow parameters by using laser Brillouin scattering was reviewed. A measurement device based on the FabryPerot interferometer (FPI) was designed to measure the RayleighBrillouin spectrum of the gas flow, and the laser Brillouin scattering spectrum was obtained for a N2 gas flow. Experimental results show that the error of the pressure and temperature derived from the Brillouin scattering spectrum is less than 15% compared with the theory model.
Laser Brillouin scattering is the result of the inelastic light scattering from the medium density fluctuations. The shape of the Brillouin scattering spectrum is dependent on the gas pressure, temperature, and the scattering angle. An effective nonintrusive method for measuring the temperature and pressure in gas flow was provided. The measurement principle of the highvelocity gas flow parameters by using laser Brillouin scattering was reviewed. A measurement device based on the FabryPerot interferometer (FPI) was designed to measure the RayleighBrillouin spectrum of the gas flow, and the laser Brillouin scattering spectrum was obtained for a N2 gas flow. Experimental results show that the error of the pressure and temperature derived from the Brillouin scattering spectrum is less than 15% compared with the theory model.
2016, 37(3): 489-494.
doi: 10.5768/JAO201637.0307003
Abstract:
In order to study the thermal effect of Yb∶YAG crystal endpumped by pulse laser diode(LD),the temperature distribution of crystal was calculated based on semianalytic method. The crystal thermal model was built under the real work situation and the initial conditions and boundary conditions were established in this research, according to the working characteristic of square Yb∶YAG micro crystal endpumped continuously by LD. Furthermore, considering the function relation between the coefficient of thermal conductivity and temperature and solving the heat conduction equation with Newton method, the temperature distribution was obtained. Finally, the influences of different factors such as the different pump power, super Gauss order, radius of spot, thickness of crystal on crystal were studied. The research results show that maximum temperature of Yb∶YAG crystal endpumped surface is 41.25 ℃ and 52.14 ℃,respectively, under the different conditions that thermalconductivity is constant and nonconstant. And in that case, the first order superGaussian light was used,with the output power of 80 W and the spot radius of 400 m, to pump the crystal with the mass fraction of 8% and the size of 431 mm3. It is very significant to reduce the thermal effect of full solid state Yb∶YAG crystal in this research.
In order to study the thermal effect of Yb∶YAG crystal endpumped by pulse laser diode(LD),the temperature distribution of crystal was calculated based on semianalytic method. The crystal thermal model was built under the real work situation and the initial conditions and boundary conditions were established in this research, according to the working characteristic of square Yb∶YAG micro crystal endpumped continuously by LD. Furthermore, considering the function relation between the coefficient of thermal conductivity and temperature and solving the heat conduction equation with Newton method, the temperature distribution was obtained. Finally, the influences of different factors such as the different pump power, super Gauss order, radius of spot, thickness of crystal on crystal were studied. The research results show that maximum temperature of Yb∶YAG crystal endpumped surface is 41.25 ℃ and 52.14 ℃,respectively, under the different conditions that thermalconductivity is constant and nonconstant. And in that case, the first order superGaussian light was used,with the output power of 80 W and the spot radius of 400 m, to pump the crystal with the mass fraction of 8% and the size of 431 mm3. It is very significant to reduce the thermal effect of full solid state Yb∶YAG crystal in this research.
New website launched!
陕公网安备 61011302001501号