Abstract: High energy laser weapon system (HELWS) leverage light-speed strikes, recoil-free damage, and unlimited ammunition capabilities. These attributes are revolutionizing traditional kinetic defense systems and positioning HELWS as a pivotal element in global military competition. This study synthesized global technological advancements and practical combat cases to trace the evolution of HELWS from technical validation to battlefield application. Key advancements in high-energy laser technology were analyzed, including China's megawatt-level breakthroughs achieved through the “Shenguang” fusion device and the deployment progress of LW-30/60 tactical laser systems. A comparative analysis of the technology roadmaps of major military powers, such as the U.S., Russia, Germany and Israel, revealed divergent developmental pathways. The operational superiority of HELWS was highlighted in scenarios like short-range defense, anti-missile interception, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) suppression, and urban warfare. Furthermore, the disruptive potential of HELWS in space warfare and countering biochemical threats was explored. This work provides a multidimensional theoretical framework for guiding the system development of directed energy weapons and strategic competition in modern warfare.