Abstract: Single-photon lidar offers superior detection sensitivity, temporal resolution, and photon utilization compared to traditional linear lidar systems. It is increasingly important in fields such as remote sensing and mapping, military reconnaissance, and camouflage recognition. A domestically developed single-photon ranging system operating at the 1.5 μm wavelength was presented, in which a compact 1.5 μm fiber laser source with adaptive noise reduction and frequency modulation features was integrated to reduce system dark counts and eliminate range ambiguity. High-precision time-to-digital converters (TDC) were used to control system size, while the non-coaxial transceiver design ensured simple structure, easy adjustment and low noise. The single-photon ranging of 1.7 km was achieved with an optical power output of only 10 mW and a single pulse energy of 200 nJ. Experiments with multi-layer camouflage net-covered targets demonstrate the accurate target identification through the camouflage, with a detection precision better than 0.1 m. The results indicate that the domestically developed system performs well, showing significant advantages in power consumption, size, and weight, and is expected to paly an important role in many fields in the future.